Japanese Grammar: Creating Partial Lists (や, など, とか)

Japanese Grammar Guide
Japanese Grammar: Creating Partial Lists (や, など, とか)

We know we can connect nouns with the と particle like so:

野菜やさいと　魚さかなと　牛乳ぎゅうにゅうと　水みず。

Vegetables and fish and milk and water.

But the repeated use of と becomes cumbersome when we need to enumerate a long list. We want to say “A, B, C, and so on”. In this case, we use the following structure with the particles や and など.

【A】や【B】など

A, B, etc.

テレビや　冷蔵庫れいぞうこなどを　買かいます。

I will buy a television, a fridge, and so on.

Contrast this to the sentence which only uses と.

テレビと　冷蔵庫れいぞうこを　買かいます。

I will buy a television and a fridge.

数学すうがくや　科学かがくなど　勉強べんきょうします。

I will study mathematics and chemistry, etc.

The object を is very often omitted when など is used.

ワインや　ウイスキーなどの　違ちがいが　わかりません。

I don’t understand the difference wines and whiskies.

とか is the casual way of saying the above. In fact, you will never heard や and など used in conversation (or, at least, very rarely). You will hear とか all the time. What makes とか particularly versatile is that it can be added to just about anything (や can only be used with nouns).

牛乳ぎゅうにゅうとかパンとか買かう。

I’ll buy milk and bread another things.

彼女かのじょは「うーん」とか「えーと」とか言いう。

She was umming and arring.

岩崎いわさきとか何なんとか言いう人。

A person called Iwasaki or something.

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