The Double Negative ざる is another archaic form of the negative and 得ない can be used to mean “cannot do”. Put…
Honorifics in Japanese: A Complete Introduction to Keigo, Sonkeigo, and Kenjogo Honorifics play a huge role in the Japanese language. They define underlying power dynamics and help the speaker…
The Classical Negative ず is the classical version of the negative ending ない. It is often used in writing and in…
State of Completion (てある) Not to be confused with the present participle, this structure combines the te form with the verb “to…